Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management, organization behavior.
Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. In addition, minimal access to data on financials for small and. This quiz and worksheet combo will help you test your knowledge of these management types and. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at. Rewards theory x organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance is part of the overall mechanisms of control. Theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960.
It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Coming to theory ytype organizations, appraisal is also regular and crucial, but is usually a separate mechanism from organizational controls. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to.
Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
Management theorist douglas mcgregor coined these terms to describe two fundamentally different approaches to managing people. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. A theory y management style seeks to establish a working environment in which the personal needs and objectives of individuals can relate to, and harmonise with, the objectives of the organisation. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. In a theory x organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is retained, whilst in theory y, the management style is participative. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach.
As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Management involves employees in decision making, but retains power to implement decisions. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of.
The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and theory y a theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y job embeddedness theory assumptions cognitive dissonance theory of leon festinger dalam a first look at communication theory practical theory complete a self. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition.
Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. Organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete.
Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Theory x is based on the assumption that the average person has an inherent dislike of work physical and mental effort, does not want responsibility, and lacks ambition. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. The theory x and theory y are not based on a single truth. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by.
Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x and y is about managers beliefs about people and attitudes, which then translates into ways they choose to motivate their employees. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Work organization theory x employees tend to have specialized and often repetitive work. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance.
The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to the organization. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory xtype organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance assessment is part of the overall mechanism of control and compensation. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Aug 05, 2019 theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Therefore, managers must direct employees, control them through close. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Employees are also encouraged to develop expertise and make suggestions and improvements. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work.
Theory x vs theory y managers because employees have historically been given a flat exchange of time and energy for income, workplace incentives have often been rooted in a fear of loss of employment, in earning potential from extra productivity, or in acquiescing to managerial dominance for promotion. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people.
Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and. In theory y, the work tends to be organized around wider areas of skill or knowledge. A theorist who argued two set of assumptions theory x and theory y a theorist who argued two set of assumption theory x and theory y job embeddedness theory assumptions cognitive dissonance theory of leon festinger dalam a first look at communication theory practical theory complete a selfinstruction music theory course. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed.
Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Oct, 2017 to learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory a for managing people and performance article pdf available june 2016 with 8,355 reads how we measure reads. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals.